Samuel Sewall :: essays research papers

Sewall’s Relationship with Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel Sewall lived a very Puritan life in early colonial Boston. As a man who cared deeply for his religion and his family, Sewall dearly loved his family and viewed their good and poor health as God’s reward or punishment. He did not, however, simply attend to his family to satisfy what he believed was God’s will. Rising rapidly to a position of prominence in society, Sewall was blessed with money and a close relationship with his wife and children. He aided them individually through illnesses, moral dilemmas, and he guided them through the mourning process after any deaths in the family, though he himself suffered most. Samuel Sewall’s relationship with his family was one of close ties and a strong religious orientation; they prayed and read together from the Bible daily which in turn allowed them to grow closer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sewall loved his wife Hannah very dearly, and over the years the two of them produced fourteen children, only nine of which lived beyond a year. Of these remaining nine, six had died within sixteen years between 1690 and 1716, and Sewall suffered greatly but did his best to atone for the sins he believed had caused these disasters. He also made efforts to follow up what he saw as signs from God for him to act. In one entry, Sewall described a dream he had in which his wife Hannah died. In the dream he finds that â€Å"the death occurred in part because of my neglect and want of love† (Sewall 77). Upon waking up in the morning, Sewall embraces his wife and interprets the dream as God’s request that he pay more attention to his wife. She was Sewall’s foundation in life; he loved her dearly and would do whatever it took to keep her happy. The hardest blow for Sewall came when Hannah died in 1717. â€Å"Lord help me to learn; and be a Sun and Shield to me, now so much of my Comfort and Defense are taken away† (Sewall 4). Sewall lived according to Puritan belief in that he viewed the deaths of family as punishment for his faults. â€Å"The Lord pardon all my sin, and wandering and neglect, and sanctify to me this singular affliction† (Sewall 148). Sewall suggests in his diary that the rapid succession of deaths of his children around the late 1690’s and early 1700’s was punishment for his participation in the Salem witch trials.

Dramatic Monologue Essay

The Dramatic Monologue is a type of a lyric poem. It was developed in the Victorian period. Robert Browning is said to have perfected the Dramatic Monologue, with poems such as My Last Duchess, and Soliloquy of a Spanish Cloister. As its name states, it is a monologue, hence it is a speech uttered by a single person. In its fullest form, the dramatic monologue has three salient features Firstly, a single person who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of a poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. The dramatic monologue must occur at a critical moment, as it is this feature that distinguishes the dramatic monologue from a monologue. It also gives a dramatic effect, as it gives the reader the feeling that the something has happened before which has led to the utterance of the dramatic monologue. For instance, in the poem, The Forsaken Merman by Matthew Arnold, the Mermans human wife has abandoned him and their children in order to go pray in a church. The Merman utters the poem at the time when he realizes that that his wife will never come back. Secondly, this person addresses and interacts with one or more other people, but we know of the auditors presence only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker. The auditor never speaks, but we know of what he or she says and does when the speaker tells us. For instance, in the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot, the implied auditor is Prufrocks lover. We know of her presence when Prufrock addresses her, for example Let us go then, you and I. This first line of the poem tells us then that the poem is addressed to a specific person. Another instance is Oh, do not ask, What is it? This line tells us that the auditor, that is the lover does interact with the speaker, Prufrock, but we know about these interactions only through what the speaker says. Thirdly, the main principle controlling the poets formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speakers temperament and character. This focus on self revelation is what distinguishes the dramatic monologue from its near relation, the dramatic lyric, which is also a monologue at an identifiable  moment but it does not reveal any new facts. For example, in the poem Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning, the lover who is the speaker, through the course of the poem reveals his insanity. He reveals that though Porphyria was beautiful and loved him, he was still dissatisfied until the point of time that he realizes that Porphyria worships him. It is at this point of time that he reveals his insanity, when unable to contain his emotions on realizing the extent of Porphyrias devotion, he wound her hair Three times her little throat around | And strangled her. Thus, such revelations are characteristic of a Dramatic Monologue. A Dramatic Monologue may or may not have all three characteristics. For instance, the poem â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold does not take place at a critical moment. Yet, it is considered a dramatic monologue as it is uttered by a single speaker, and it has an implied auditor, the speaker’s love, whom he addresses in the last stanza â€Å"Ah, love, let us be true†. Thus the dramatic monologue is flexible as a poetic style. Bibliography : â€Å"A Glossary of Literary Terms† -M.H. Abrams, 7th EditionPersonal notes from lecturesPoems :†The Forsaken Merman† – Matthew Arnold†The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† – T. S. Eliot†Porphyria’s Lover† – Robert Browning

The Development Of A Child - 899 Words

Modern society depends on highly educated and knowledgeable individuals to fulfill its most crucial tasks. Governments around the world mandate that their citizens receive some form of education. In the United States, children are required to receive a general education. Societies throughout history have improved the way they educate their citizens, and continue to improve today. As one observes the development of a child, he or she may discover that there are many factors that influence this development. For years, researchers have studied the process of learning and how it takes place. Many discoveries have been made on this topic, and they continue to come. Scientists have located methods that can both improve and harm an individual’s education. Findings like these cause many to wonder how small differences in educational types can produce such drastic differences in one’s intellect. People of all ages participate in activities that stimulate their interest. Small children may enjoy coloring or playing in a sandbox, while teenagers and adults favor other actions. There are countless amounts of activities in which individuals can participate, but some are more beneficial than others. For example, music is an activity that is known for stimulating cognitive abilities. People unknowingly utilize music to assist in building their intelligence on a daily basis. Someone may listen to his or her favorite song while exercising or practicing for athleticShow MoreRelatedThe Child And Child Development Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pagesalways come natural to the child so the caregiver or teacher has to help the child be able to do task that will be necessary to grow (Fogel, 2014). The child’s development can be categorized into five different domains: physical (fine and gross motor), social-emotional, cognitive, communicative/language and adaptive. One way to examine these developmental domains is to observe the child while he or she is interacting with other children or alone. By observing the child caregiver or teacher can determineRead MoreChild Development1167 Words   |  5 Pageslearning experiences (Montessori, 1977). Factor generating an amazing child Law of Will A child’s development of will has been regarded as one of the laws of development as per Montessori’s observations. She herself has clearly indicated how she observed this development of a child’s will. When a child does any action just by himself, without having any form of assistance, this clearly signifies the fact the child is consciously making decisions. In this regard therefore, the will shouldRead MoreThe Development Of Child Development1986 Words   |  8 PagesAs children grow older they go through a process known as child development which is defined as the discipline dedicated to the understanding of all characteristics of human development from birth to adolescence. I reflected on each of the eight chapters that we covered in class and will use that information to apply it to my neighbor Sebastian. Sebastian is a 7 year old child who lives next door to me and I have taken care of him since he was four months old. I have had the opportunity to apply Read MoreChild Development924 Words   |  4 PagesThe Parents’ Role in Creating a Safe Environment for Child Development A sweet, innocent, newborn baby is taken home by the parents for the very first time, which means that it is now the parents’ vital responsibility to create a secure home for their child. Since children’s learning foundation is built in the home from the time they are born, it is important for parent’s to create a safe learning environment as their child grows and develops. Parents can create a safe learning environment in theRead MoreChild Development2033 Words   |  9 Pagesplaced end to end and lined with child size chairs sat in front of built-in cabinets that stored the teacher’s supplies and children’s rest mats. Underneath a set of these cabinets were hooks for the children to hang their jackets and backpacks on. The philosophy of the school states: â€Å"The purpose of the KidsFirst Program is to extend the ministry of and help accomplish the purpose of First Baptist Church of Arab by providing care, education, and development for each c hild enrolled to his/her greatestRead MoreThe Development Of The Child1766 Words   |  8 Pagesimmediately and directly have impact on the child s development. It includes the family, school, neighborhood, religious institutions and peers. It was developed to explain how these elements influence the development of the child (Mancini Roberto, 2009). The second system is mesosystem that describes the interconnections existing between the microsystems. Interactions between the family of the child and the teachers, the relationship between the peers of the child and the family. Exosystem is anotherRead MoreChild : Child Development And Crime2388 Words   |  10 PagesChild Development and Crime Imagine you are part of a daycare. It is recess. You see kids running and playing with each other, dogs barking for attention, and some parents taking photos to capture the peaceful moment in time. You then notice a little boy sitting alone, far from the other children. He has bruises on his face and worn out clothing, just like every other day. His expression, always devoid of joy, is filled with fear and tears. And then you realize why- he is being abused. AccordingRead MorePhysical Development And Child Development929 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical development may be the first thing that parents noticed when their child starts to develop, because it is the more physical and bigger movements for a child and baby to make. Physical development itself is ‘comprising changes in body size (growth) and proportions, the order and acquisition of motor skills, and perceptual and motor capacities’ (Doherty and Hughes, 2009, p.8). This is why parents see physical development firs t, it is not just the movements that the children achieve it is alsoRead MoreChild Development And Childhood Development1564 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development 2 to 5 Years By creating a decent understanding of parenting strategies and childhood development, this will help parents understand and comprehend exactly what to expect and how to provide what their child needs during each developmental stage of their life. All parents can benefit, also those who work with children can benefit greatly by increasing their knowledge, awareness and understanding of overall childhood development. The stage of child development I have chosen to discussRead MoreThe Development Of A Child s Development1297 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words) As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child’s development. I aim to gain more understanding on how to use observations to evaluate the child’s development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to develop

Personal Statement On Self Harm - 1319 Words

Self-harm patients are at a risk for suicide whether this is an intended outcome or a result of self-harm gone wrong. 25% of people who commit suicide will have been seen in a hospital setting for a self harm injury in the past 12 months (Emerson, 2010). As well, 72% of suicide victims under the age of 25 have had a history or self-harm behavior (as sited in Cook, Clency, Sanderson, 2004). These statists provide a strong argument for the importance of vigilance and ongoing monitoring when providing care for clients who display self-harm behavior. This paper will argue the importance for close monitoring when caring for self harm but not necessarily the prevention of self harm itself. Vigilance and monitoring are important However there is evidence that complete preventions is not necessarily the best approach to self-harm (Duffin, 2006). The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) uses the term non suicidal self-injury. Self-injury is defined as â€Å"intentional self inflicted damage to the surface of his or her body of a sort likely to induce bleeding, bruising, or pain, with the expectation that the injury will lead to only minor or moderate physical harm†(American psychiatric Association, 2013,p803). There must be an absence of suicidal intent; this is either stated by the patient, or determined by the fact that the method of harm is not likely to result in death. Although often misunderstood and seen as an attention seeking moreShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Self Harm Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages In middle school, I thought of self harm every day. Luckily, I knew that self harm was a permanent fix to a temporary problem. I thought of doing self harm to myself because I was a victim of bullying. Having never been bullied before, I didn t know how to cope with it at first. A group of five girls set out to make my life miserable, because they were jealous of the way I looked. From the start of 6th grade to the middle of 8th grade, there wasn’t a day that went by that I was not picked on.Read MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1321 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal liberties shall be protected as long as they do not cause reasonable harm to another individual. It is incredibly difficult and unjust to promote a system to which state authority prevents speech that they find offensive. It is nearly impossible and impractical for a state entity to understand what can and can’t be considered offensive, and what is offensive to some and not to others. That is why the ha rm principle is a great principle to understand the limits of how far free speech shouldRead MoreThe Theory Of Lying As Being The Most Widely Accepted Definition1158 Words   |  5 Pageswidely accepted definition. â€Å"A lie is a statement made by one who does not believe it with the intention that someone else shall be led to believe it.† The reason this definition is often accepted by most is because in order to object and revise this definition in anyway one must first explain the four imperative conditions for lying. An individual must first make a statement, the individual must believe the statement to be untrue, the untruthful statement must then be told to an addressee, and finallyRead MoreThe Confederate Flag : A Harmful Form Of Free Speech964 Words   |  4 Pagesof the confederate flag does not display the same form of harm as it did in history. The current flag does not physically harm anyone nor does it present a credible threat that could morally harm someon e through fear. This form of free speech does not cause true harm to individual liberties of the people who see the flag. The symbolism of the flag is objective and feeling offended by the flag is based on interpretation. A specific statement of hatred that can be reasonably interpreted as a credibleRead MoreEthical Boundaries Misused in Today’s Clinical Psychology Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesGlass called these, â€Å"the gray areas of boundary crossing and violation† (429). However, there is further description, â€Å"Boundary issues mostly refer to the therapists self-disclosure, touch, an exchange of gifts, bartering and fees, length and location of sessions and contact outside the office† (Guthiel Gabbard). This statement by Thomas G. Gutheil, M.D. Glen O. Gabbard, M.D explains the meaning of boundary issues that most will face in treating patients in the mental health profession. TheRead More`` On Liberty `` By John Stuart Mill1458 Words   |  6 Pa gesliberalism shaped the harm principle which greatly affected 19th-century politics, motives for imperialism, and societal values. Mill’s unavoidable issue about liberalism is when is it acceptable for the government to limit your freedoms? He answers his own question with the idea of the harm principle. He explains this principle as, â€Å"the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection† (MillRead MoreLegal Challenges In Modern Business : The Fine Line Between Torts And Crimes874 Words   |  4 Pagesspirit of the law. Understanding the complex relationship of these three legal forms requires stating the purpose of each form and defining their major categories. Civil cases, governed by legislative or Congressional statutes, occur when someone harms property, or a person, in such a way as society as a whole is threatened. Legally, such â€Å"wrongdoing† is not so serious as to threaten an entire society. However, the action becomes criminal when society creates a law restricting or forbidding certainRead MoreMidterm BUSN1201398 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities are never done for building the reputation of a firm within the philanthropy model.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False   2.  Which of the following statements is true about Whistleblowing?   A.  It can occur both internally and externally . B.  It does not cause any harm to the whistleblower. C.  It involves the disclosure of ethical activities. D.  It may seem disloyal, but it does not harm the business.    3.  The practice of attending to the _____ of a firm is referred to as reputation management.   Image    4.  WhichRead MoreUrban Living Institute : An Organization That Promotes Healthy Living1195 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolution of healthy living in the United States through aiding underprivileged peoples, creating a healthy environment, and promoting this environment to others. Their mission statement is â€Å"TO CHALLENGE INDIVIDUALS TO MOVE ABOVE AND BEYOND THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCE TO PREPARE THEMSELVES FOR LIFE-LONG SELF-SUFFICIENCY.†(B) In order to do this they must enforce rules to challenge their residents that live in their facilities. Healthy living is very important in today’s world. EveryoneRead MoreSelf-Harm Research Paper1167 Words   |  5 PagesHSER 281 Self-harm Research Proposal Directed Studies: Methods Jaime Gresley-Jones Student# 111835 Faculty: Deb Wandler

Essay International Peace - 2411 Words

According to a report of the Mexican National Center of Investigation and Security submitted on August 2010, Mexico has had more than 30,000 people killed since the start of the war against drug trafficking on December 2006. In the same way, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has expressed great concern over the killing of more than 1,000 minors during the past four years in the Mexican militarys war on drug cartels and organized crime. These statistics alarm nationally and internationally, because of the mass violations of human rights that the Mexican war against drug trafficking has caused. Article 39 on the Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations gives power to the Security Council to decide what measures shall†¦show more content†¦As part of the legal analysis, I will discuss the obligations of Mexico under International Humanitarian Law established in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols. Subsequently, is going to be described the War against drug trafficking in Mexico, the background of that war and the human rights crisis the country is living. The final part of the essay will compare the UN obligations with the case of Mexico, in order to determine if the threshold for UN involvement is met. 1. UN Security Council obligations under the Charter of the United Nations The basic legal foundation of the United Nation’s system can be found in article 2, paragraphs 3 to 7 of the Charter , which dictates the obligation of member states and the organization . Article 2 paragraph 3, calls on all member states to settle their disputes by peaceful means in such way that international peace and security, is not endangered. Paragraphs 4 and 5, calls on all the members to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the UN , and to give the United Nations assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter.Show MoreRelatedMaintenance Of International Peace And Security2266 Words   |  10 PagesThe exact phrase â€Å"maintenance of international peace and security† is used eight times in the United Nations Charter, but now almost seventy years after the founding of the organization the international organization’s competen ce in pursuit of this lofty goal is still subject to debate. The charter of the United Nations gives the Security Council the sole power determine the existence of a threat to world peace and prescribe course of action needed to be taken against it. The five permanent membersRead MoreInternational Organisations Encouraged International Peace And Amity2386 Words   |  10 Pageswar and maintain peace in the future. The solution was the League of Nations that would ensure that there would be no scope for bias and selfish needs of states to expand territories. The creation of the Leagues of Nations was the first step towards what was going to become an integral part of International Society-International Organisations in the form as we see them today. With the help of the theory of liberalism, the purpose of this paper is to better understand how International OrganisationsRead More International Free Trade and World Peace Essay6197 Words   |  25 PagesInternational Free Trade and World Peace When analyzing trade’s effect on state behavior, it is not the mere existence of trade between countries that should be central, rather, the nature of trade that is crucial. This distinction will be explored by studying the arguments of key economic and political thinkers of both the 18th and 20th centuries. The general nature of trade, the role of national government regarding trade and security, trades capacity to befriend belligerent nations, andRead MoreThe International Criminal Court As An Advocate For Peace2290 Words   |  10 Pages The International Criminal Court as Both Mediator and Arbiter in Conflicts Paul Daniel Thornton Dr. Lealle Ruhl POLI 1145 Peace and Conflict Studies Wednesday, November 16, 2016 INTRODUCTION In the pursuit of positive peace for the global community, certain mechanisms are necessary in order to better protect human rights and resolve interstate conflicts. Prior to the events of World War II, a cogent set of laws defining those human rights, much less violations therein were never heardRead MoreQuestions On The Law Of International Peace And Security2550 Words   |  11 Pagesconditions’. This therefore means the major consideration before a deferral is arrived at is whether an investigation or prosecution is a threat to international peace and security or not. However, from the analysis of this study, the two deferrals by UNSC and two non-deferrals shows a different picture as the issue of the threat of international peace and security was not extensively considered by the UNSC. In the Kenyan situation, there was an attempt to examine whether its request met the thresholdRead MoreUSSR Launches Mir to Contribute to International Peace662 Words   |  3 PagesMeaning â€Å"peace† and â€Å"community† in Russian, the extraordinary space station, Mir, contributed international peace by hosting the United States and Soviet Union to combine their modules. This station was built in hopes of advancing space experiments but, US and Russian officials would both agree that they got much more out of it. Mir stood as a symbol of Russia’s advancements in space, later on joining NASA as the first technical partnership between the two countries. ADD MORE 3-4 + THESIS OutlastingRead MoreThe International Peace And Security1115 Words   |  5 Pages Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits States from resorting to use of force, by stating, All member States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat of the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purpose of the United Nations. On the other hand, Article 51 affirms an inherent right of States to self-defence, approvingly, Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherentRead MoreInternational Security And Peace Management1301 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) occupies the position of leading supranational entity in charge of upholding international security and peace. Members of the UN Security Council vote on various global security and peace issues. Debates ranges on the functional effectiveness of UN Security Council in the maintenance of International security and peace. Controversy also ranges on the democratic representativeness of the UN Security Council, particularly in the election of membersRead MoreThe Maintenance Of International Peace And Security1286 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral James Jones, former head of EUCOM says that â€Å"We are attempting to avoid Africa from becoming the next Afghanistan or Iraq,† (Paterson, 2008, p. 15). The maintenance of international peace and security are the main responsibilities of the UN. The UN Security Council plays a critical role in peacekeeping. Many peacekeeping operations have been operating all around the world since the UN was estab lished. However, most of the peacekeeping operations have been taking place on the African continentRead MorePeace Negotiations in International Security1477 Words   |  6 Pagesera is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and Middle-east (ME) being a conflict area for a long time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a story of conflicts having Israel-Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been taken by world community for the solution of the issue. ‘Roadmap for peace’ was one of such initiative, initially

Slave Narratives Free Essays

During the times of slavery many people opposed the thought of forcing someone to do everything they say, to own someone. They believed in the freedom of others and to treat everyone equally. There were many abolitionists and slave narratives who wanted their side of the story to be heard. We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Narratives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aunt Harriet Smith was a black woman from Homestead Texas and Aunt Phoebe Boyd from Dunnsville Virginia, both slave narratives. Aunt Harriet Smith was married to Jim Smith. They white folks killed her husband and she never knew why they would do such a thing, he was an honest man who went to church and always did what he was told (Soul, 2003). During one of her interviews Harriet was asked how long ago she could remember from her slave days, she could remember all the way back when she was thirteen years old. Harriet could successfully remember everyone’s names as well, all the white children, her owner, everyone of the slaves she was around, and people she came into contact with on a regular basis. Her owner had first purchased her grandmother and from then on owned the rest of her family from there on down. One thing she was extremely faithful to was church. They allowed the white people to go to church in the morning and the black people were allowed to go at night. They had a white preacher and he was always telling them to behave themselves. If the black slaves were to act up then the preacher would tell there owners and they would be punished. She believed that there was a God, and he would help them. The slaves were never taught to read and write, the only gossip they had was the stories they heard during church about slaves being mistreated. This was something all the slaves would talk about when they seen each other and were able to communicate and talk. Harriet said that the white people were good to them. Her owner never hurt any of them. Her owner treated her well and whenever her and her family would hear about slaves being mistreated it would shock them. They felt bad for the slaves that were being abused. At one point in her interview she was asked why she went by Aunt Harriet Smith and she said by putting the word Aunt in front of her name was a sign of respect, and people respected her. During the Civil War, she could remember sitting with her two cousins on the white picket fence just watching the vehicles driving up and down the road. They loved the white picket fence and their owner didn’t care if they say there. They would watch the soldiers all day long walk up and down the road. One of the reasons they loved watching so much because all the soldiers were colored soldiers (Smith, 1941). During the whole interview Aunt Harriet Smith was very optimistic, she always hoped for the best and didn’t really have anything to say that was too negative. Even when she talked about her husband being killed, the only thing she kept talking about was how good of a man he was. She never turned the conversation into a negative one. Aunt Phoebe Boyd was also a slave narrative. She was very fond of the Lord and always believed that something better was coming. Smith, Harriet. â€Å"Voices from the Slavery Days. † The Liberty of Congress. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . Soul. â€Å"AFRICAN-AMERiCAN SLAVE: Aunt Harriet Smith On Church, Slavery Punishment. † YouTube. YouTube, 24 Apr. 2009. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . How to cite Slave Narratives, Essays

Conjectures Regarding Empirical Managerial

Question: Discuss about the Conjectures Regarding Empirical Managerial. Answer: Introduction This study is aimed to cater a critical review on the implementation of positive accounting research in the financial accounting system. Furthermore, the paper focuses on exploration of the effectiveness of positive accounting theory aiding and making significance study to improve the accounting researches. The positive research is based on the empirical events and it gives the explanation and prediction of upcoming events and happening (Williams, 1989). The theory was explained by the Watts and Zimmerman to predict the human behaviour and social system in the accounting practices with scientific approach. There are various claims and criticisms are being researched by many authors which gave popularity and attention to this theory recently. In this context, the positive research is being critically investigated by reviewing and analysing the article. The article aims to describe the drawbacks and benefits of positive research in accounting system (Dunmore, 2010). Summary of the arti cle is being illustrated with the theoretical model which is being examined in the article providing the essence of the theory and its methodology with suitable recommendations by the author (Williams, 1989). Moreover, the study has also reflected the research question which has been depicted from the literature review of the article. Lastly, limitations of the article and benefits during the research have been shown. Summary of the Article The article named Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Theory written by P.V. Dunmore has been critically examined in this paper. The article intended to provide a brief disparagement on the implication of positive research in accounting practices (Williams, 2003). The author explains the positive research as a consideration of social system, political practices and human behaviour that influences business activities in the long run. The explanation of that unpredicted events and its accounting practices are called as positive accounting theory. However, the author also emphasised on the logic behind the failure or criticism of positive research in the accounting (Williams, 2003). The science and accounting standards says, accounting is an independent practices only recorded when some material change happens or when any finance related changes in the organisation and social event prediction or happening is also independent which can be influenced by many factors. Thus, happening and non-happening of the events can be subject to purely on human behaviour which is very versatile and influenced by various variables (Williams, 2003). Therefore, the positive research being a part of accounting is not valid and sound. Moreover, the author collected various similar examples in the critics of positive research and draws a wide description on drawbacks of the positive accounting theory as a scientific base (Zimmerman, 2001). The author has presented a significant literature review approving many other authors in the view that positive accounting research is not based on practical or quantitative mode which lacks it as a scientific and convenient for accounting practices. In addition to this, the author elucidate that the positive research by Watts and Zimmerman lacks in the credibility and perpetual in terms of numerical values that weakens the positive accounting theory as a scientific approach (Zimmerman, 2001). This issue also fails the theory in successful designing and having inadequate designed research methods. The theory of positive research does not provide a legitimate base for testing and verifying results in the practical execution of accounting practices (Zimmerman, 2001). The hypothesis of the theory is also irrelevant and does not conclude beneficial facts to augment the ease of accounting practices. Corresponding to this, it is a single minded way to present the theory as a claim more than verifying its validity, thus, it require more prcised theoretical model than a well defined practical approach (Belal, 2012). Every natural science needs to address economic point of view to serve a base of accounting policy or system while this theory favours contingency and expectancy theory which are not economic-based theories. Thus, empirical accounting theory falls short in attempting economics as apart off positive research. Accordingly, less use of quantitative and more use qualitative data have also complexes the testable predictions and non beneficial theoretical model. The research was also focused on providing decision making and not controlling the facts related to the future events (Belal, 2012). It is being largely used by the organizations due to its popularity but has no noteworthy use like a practical and scientific application in accounting practices. On the other hand, author of the article has constructed some valid points in the favor of positive research (Mattessich, 2013). As per Kuhns idea of accounting theory, the positive researches are best to execute it normal science. The article has also suggested some techniques to convert a positive research more improved and better version holding universal validity. Theoretical model of the positive accounting theory is also being recommended to alter and make it more quantities oriented to provide a practical base (Mattessich, 2013). Thus, the paper has encompassed all the essential topics related to the positive accounting theory and produces a direction to the conclusion. The research question of this paper is What are the defects in the theoretical framework of positive accounting theory that limits it as a scientific based practice? It seeks to explore the concept related to positive accounting theory and its critical examination (Dunmore, 2010). Besides that, the article has emphasised on more points such as: What are the benefits and limitations of the positive research? How positive research is convenient as a practical approach and why its practice is popular among organizations? How theoretical model of positive accounting research can be improved? What are the suggestions for its future applications? The above research questions are directing the article research and exploring it in an appropriate way (Dunmore, 2010). These questions are framed and covered from the literature review as well as theoretical framework of the article. Theoretical Framework Positive research theory has various setbacks that can be eliminated with suggested theoretical model by Dunmore in the article. In the arguments, author explained that the positive accounting theory is based on the observations and does not entail any value judgement. Therefore it fails its execution to attain the practical base and fruitful results. In order to fix this, the author mentioned to test the theories with numerical and descriptive data too (Belkaoui, 2004). The method is poppers falsification criterion that removes the observation and facts from the theory which are not apt for the accounting standards. Poppers falsification helps in finding the falsified observations in the course of testing. Hence, the ultimate results provide cogent satisfied theory which justifies scientific base (Belkaoui, 2004). The poppers criterion uses sets of observation to select and reject the testified data and detail about the theory effectively. Additionally, article also advocated on the use of qualitative data with examples like zoology and biology that are perfect for positive researches. The qualitative data is also being justified with the application of Poppers falsification criterion technique. Likewise, the article reported the hypothesis testing with the statistical and logical facts to add the quality in the positive accounting theory (Lipe, 2001). Following the importance and after results of precise incorporation of poppers falsification criterion the article has revealed the exact weakness in the positive research and recommended ideas to improve it pertaining to standards the accounting practice the organisation. Along with this, the article also recommended some suggestion to improve the research program of positive accounting theory as follows: first, by implementing vulnerable models that is designed to address the specified requirements of the positive research approach. It is essential for any data in a quantitative form for the accounting purpose, just like that it will be easy to measure the results and free from audit complexities in the organisation (Rahim, 2013). It will facilitate the managerial control over the events and happening which to be accounted by this theory. After that, analytical modelling will help in framing experimental based theoretical model for the positive accounting that will enhance the scientific aspect of the accounting policy. The focus of the theory should be more on the testing and justifying the claim rather than results and its measurement. It will help in achieving legal regime to the positive research (Linda and Diana, 2013). Additionally, author also emphasised on a critic with the theory that it is not updated and changed since it was introduced. This limits the vision and its application after a certain period of time. This suggests that, any theory or policy should be revised and replaced with the better version of old theory. It enhances its quality and execution in the future researches plus adds the real purpose of the research. The article adds the explanation of empirical testing and suggestion presented by the author (Linda and Diana, 2013). In the last part it has also admitted the role of positive research beneficial in the execution of normal science rather than financial accounting. Although suggested that recovered and superior concept of positive accounting research can be realised. The Significance and Limitation of the Article The article has various benefits as an accounting research for the decision makers whether to use the positive accounting theory in future or not (Rahim, 2013). This research also offers successful implications in the future researches and add to enhance the quality of the positive research theory. The article has also suggested many recommendations to apprehend the opportunity to make it a superior theory. It draws a fruitful vision on the advantages and disadvantages of positive accounting research implication in the organisation (Rahim, 2013). The article is also illustrates its apt utilization in the normal science rather than accounting practices. Thus, this article is a good example for the critics of positive accounting theory. The article has presented only one side of the positive accounting theory and described its drawbacks profoundly by presenting prcised support by presenting views of other authors. The article is purely directed in the direction of authors observations which has only presented shortcoming in the positive accounting (Smith, 2014). Moreover, the sources embroiled in the article is only secondary sources which adds only qualitative data as a reliable source to justify its conclusion on the other hand, be deficient in collecting primary sources as a more reliable and accurate information based source as well as lacks to offer any quantitative data. The article is biased with the personal attitude and vision of the author that directed the entire research and not beinga critical analysis of positive accounting research (Smith, 2014). The above context has ensured the disadvantage of the positive accounting theory with the credible sources in the article. It presented the effective points to make the article reliable and effective in respect of future researches. The theoretical framework has been well represented and recommended ideas to make it advanced and more feasible. Thus, this study facilitates the convenient and effective critical examination of positive accounting theory. References Belal, A. R. 2012. 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